Population dynamics of Equus conversidens (Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the late Pleistocene of Hidalgo (central Mexico): Comparison with extant and fossil equid populations

The Mexican horse Equus conversidens is a representative member of the Quaternary North American megafauna. Systematics, phylogeny, and stable isotope ecology this species are known in some detail, although information regarding population unexplored. Numerous fossil remains (isolated teeth, mandibles, skulls, postcranial elements) have been collected from Pleistocene deposits that outcrop at southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. available dental sample suitable for recovering aspects its dynamics. Our study compares life history traits cohorts E. state Hidalgo to extant equids America (United States Canada), Europe (France), Africa (Rwanda, Namibia). Life tables age-structured models allow us describe demographic parameters mortality patterns. We highlight was typical K-strategist with high probability surviving adulthood asymptotic growth rate (? = 1.05) indicating close balance. Considering mammalian associations different habitats flexible diet , we suggest ambush ( Panthera atrox ) cursorial predators Canis dirus played major role prime-dominated pattern species. presence woodland-grassland ecosystem sustained diversity herbivores occurrence large-sized dynamics were regulated by resource availability selective predation, as it occurs populations plains zebra, quagga . • Paleodemography explored life-tables Lewis-Leslie matrices. Mortality profile. Hunting pressure non-human related pattern. Predation regulate